Non-Stimulant ADHD Medications: Complete Guide
Everything you need to know about non-stimulant ADHD medications — Strattera, Intuniv, Qelbree, and clonidine — how they work, dosing, onset timeline, and who they're best for.
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Disclaimer: This article is for educational and informational purposes only. It does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or a prescription recommendation. All medication decisions must be made by you and your licensed healthcare provider based on your individual medical history and circumstances. The dosing ranges cited are drawn from FDA prescribing information and clinical guidelines (NICE NG87, CADDRA); your prescriber may follow a different plan appropriate to your specific needs.
When most people hear "ADHD medication," they think of stimulants — Adderall, Vyvanse, Ritalin. And for good reason: stimulants are the first-line pharmacological treatment for ADHD and work for roughly 70–80% of patients [1]. But what about the other 20–30%?
Non-stimulant ADHD medications are the under-discussed half of the treatment landscape. They don't produce the immediate "click" that stimulants do, and they're seldom the first thing a prescriber reaches for. But for a large subset of patients — those who can't tolerate stimulant side effects, have a history of substance use disorder, need 24/7 coverage, or simply don't respond to stimulants — non-stimulants are not a backup option: they're the right option.
This guide covers the five most clinically relevant non-stimulant options for ADHD in the US and UK: Strattera (atomoxetine), Intuniv (guanfacine ER), Qelbree (viloxazine), Wellbutrin (bupropion) used off-label, and clonidine ER. For each, we cover mechanisms, dosing, onset timelines, side effect profiles, and who makes the best (and worst) candidate.
Why consider non-stimulants at all?
It helps to understand the fundamental difference in approach.
Stimulants work by blocking dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake (and for amphetamine-based drugs, by directly increasing their release). The effect is fast — within an hour — and wears off within the day. Non-stimulants, by contrast, work primarily on norepinephrine alone (with the exception of bupropion, which works on dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake). They don't produce a noticeable "peak" or "come-down." Instead, they build a steady baseline over weeks.
This makes non-stimulants better suited for certain clinical scenarios:
| Factor | Stimulants | Non-Stimulants |
|---|---|---|
| Onset of effect | Same day (30–90 min) | 2–8 weeks |
| Duration of effect | 4–14 hours (per dose) | 24/7 (continuous) |
| Abuse potential | Schedule II — high | Low to none |
| Schedule II controlled | Yes | No (except bupropion) |
| Common side effects | Appetite loss, insomnia, anxiety, elevated HR | Sedation, fatigue, GI upset, low blood pressure |
| Effect on sleep | Can worsen sleep onset | Often neutral or improves sleep |
| Effect on appetite | Suppresses appetite | Generally neutral |
| Flexibility of dosing | Fast titration, daily adjustability | Slow titration, longer commitment per dose |
Strattera (atomoxetine)
Strattera was, for years, the only FDA-approved non-stimulant for adult ADHD. It's still the most-prescribed non-stimulant option and the one with the largest evidence base.
Mechanism of action
Atomoxetine is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI). It increases norepinephrine levels in the prefrontal cortex — the brain region responsible for executive function, attention regulation, and impulse control. Unlike stimulants, it does not meaningfully affect dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens (the brain's reward center), which explains its lack of abuse potential [2].
Typical dosing (FDA prescribing information)
- Starting dose: 40 mg/day (adults and adolescents >70 kg). For children ≤70 kg: 0.5 mg/kg/day.
- Target dose: 80 mg/day. If no response after 2–4 weeks at 80 mg, may increase to 100 mg/day (maximum 100 mg in adults).
- Titration schedule: Start at 40 mg for 3–7 days, then increase to 80 mg. Total daily dose can be taken once in the morning or split into two doses (morning and late afternoon) to manage side effects.
- Availability: 10 mg, 18 mg, 25 mg, 40 mg, 60 mg, 80 mg, 100 mg capsules.
Onset timeline
This is the single most important thing to understand about atomoxetine: it takes 4–8 weeks to reach full effect. Some patients notice subtle improvement by week 2, but clinical trials consistently show that the full treatment effect emerges between weeks 4 and 8 of a stable dose [3]. This is the reason many patients (and prescribers) give up too early — they expect stimulant-like speed.
Common side effects
- Nausea and GI upset — most common in the first 2 weeks, often resolves. Taking with food helps.
- Fatigue or sedation — paradoxically, some patients feel drowsy on atomoxetine. Dosing at bedtime can turn this into an advantage.
- Decreased appetite — less severe than with stimulants, but present in some patients.
- Dry mouth — common with drugs that raise norepinephrine.
- Sexual side effects — erectile dysfunction, decreased libido (more common in men).
- Increased heart rate and blood pressure — atomoxetine has a mild pressor effect. Contraindicated in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma or severe cardiovascular disease.
Contraindications
- MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) — do not use together or within 14 days of stopping an MAOI.
- Narrow-angle glaucoma — atomoxetine can increase intraocular pressure.
- Pheochromocytoma — risk of hypertensive crisis.
- Severe cardiovascular disease — structurally significant heart defects, severe hypertension, tachycardia.
- CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolizers may have reduced efficacy; poor metabolizers may experience higher side effect intensity at standard doses.
Who is a good candidate?
| Good fit | Poor fit |
|---|---|
| Patients with co-morbid anxiety (atomoxetine does not worsen anxiety the way stimulants can) | Patients who need immediate symptom relief (e.g., exams starting next week) |
| History of substance use disorder | CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolizers (may not reach therapeutic levels) |
| Patients who cannot tolerate stimulant side effects | Patients already on an MAOI |
| Patients who need 24/7 coverage (no rebound, no wear-off) | Patients who are unwilling to wait 4–8 weeks for effect |
| Co-morbid tic disorder (atomoxetine can improve tics) |
Intuniv (guanfacine ER)
Intuniv is the extended-release formulation of guanfacine, an alpha-2A adrenergic receptor agonist originally developed as an antihypertensive. It was FDA-approved for ADHD in children and adolescents in 2009 and is used off-label in adults, though it is not FDA-approved for adult ADHD.
Mechanism of action
Guanfacine works in a fundamentally different way from both stimulants and atomoxetine. Instead of increasing norepinephrine levels, it stimulates alpha-2A receptors in the prefrontal cortex, which strengthens the connectivity of neural circuits involved in attention and impulse control. It essentially improves the "signal-to-noise ratio" in prefrontal cortical circuits by strengthening working-memory-related firing and reducing distractibility [4].
Typical dosing (FDA prescribing information, paediatric; CADDRA adult guidance)
- Starting dose: 1 mg ER once daily (adults, off-label). Children: 1 mg once daily.
- Target dose: 3–4 mg once daily for adults. Children: 0.05–0.12 mg/kg/day, up to 4 mg.
- Titration schedule: Increase by 1 mg per week. The dose-response curve is not steep — some patients benefit at 1–2 mg; full effect is usually seen at 3–4 mg.
- Availability: 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg ER tablets (must be swallowed whole — no crushing, chewing, or splitting).
Onset timeline
Guanfacine ER's effects build gradually over 3–5 weeks, though some sedation-related improvements in hyperarousal may appear within the first week. Like atomoxetine, the full attentional benefit takes a month or more to stabilise.
Common side effects
- Sedation and fatigue — the most common side effect. Studies report somnolence in up to 40% of patients in the first 2 weeks. For many, this resolves or becomes tolerable with continued use. Dosing in the evening leverages this effect for patients who need sleep help.
- Hypotension and bradycardia — guanfacine was originally developed to lower blood pressure. Postural hypotension (dizziness upon standing) is common. Blood pressure monitoring is essential during titration.
- Dry mouth, constipation — anticholinergic-like effects.
- Dizziness — especially during dose increases.
- Irritability — reported in a subset of paediatric patients.
Contraindications
- Pre-existing hypotension or bradycardia — use with extreme caution.
- Severe cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease.
- Concurrent use of other alpha-2 agonists (e.g., clonidine) — generally avoided unless carefully managed.
- Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers — guanfacine is metabolised by CYP3A4; dose adjustments may be needed.
Who is a good candidate?
| Good fit | Poor fit |
|---|---|
| Patients with hyperactivity predominant ADHD (sedation is therapeutic) | Patients with hypotension or low baseline blood pressure |
| Patients who also struggle with sleep — evening dosing improves sleep onset | Patients who cannot tolerate any daytime drowsiness |
| Patients with tic disorders or Tourette's syndrome (guanfacine is effective for tics) | Patients who need rapid daytime cognitive activation |
| Patients with co-morbid oppositional defiant disorder (pediatric data supports this) | Patients with pre-existing bradycardia or heart block |
Qelbree (viloxazine)
Qelbree is the newest non-stimulant on the block — FDA-approved for ADHD in children (ages 6–17) in April 2021 and for adults in April 2022. It's a highly selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, structurally distinct from atomoxetine.
Mechanism of action
Viloxazine is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI) and, like atomoxetine, increases norepinephrine in the prefrontal cortex. Uniquely, viloxazine also has some 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonism, which may contribute to a more favourable side effect profile — particularly less nausea and less sexual dysfunction compared with atomoxetine [5].
Typical dosing (FDA prescribing information)
- Adults, starting dose: 200 mg once daily for the first week.
- Target dose (adults): 400 mg once daily. Maximum 600 mg once daily.
- Paediatric titration: Children 6–11: start 100 mg, target 200 mg, max 400 mg. Adolescents 12–17: start 200 mg, target 400 mg, max 400 mg.
- Titration schedule: Increase from starting dose to target dose after 7 days. Further increases in 200 mg increments every 7 days if needed. Capsules can be opened and sprinkled on applesauce for children who have trouble swallowing pills.
- Availability: 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg extended-release capsules.
Onset timeline
Like other non-stimulants, viloxazine requires 4–6 weeks for full effect. In clinical trials, significant improvement in ADHD-RS scores was observed by week 2 at 400 mg, but the separation from placebo widened at weeks 4–6 [5].
Common side effects
- Insomnia — notable: unlike atomoxetine and guanfacine, viloxazine is more likely to cause insomnia than sedation in adults. Take in the morning.
- Headache — most common adverse event across clinical trials.
- Decreased appetite — mild to moderate.
- Nausea — less frequent than atomoxetine, but still present. Taking with food helps.
- Fatigue — reported in a smaller subset.
- Increased heart rate and blood pressure — similar pressor effect to atomoxetine. Monitor.
Contraindications
- MAOIs — do not use together or within 14 days.
- Severe cardiovascular disease — pressor effect contraindicated.
- Pheochromocytoma — risk of hypertensive crisis.
- Suicidal ideation — FDA boxed warning; monitor for worsening depression or suicidal thoughts.
Who is a good candidate?
| Good fit | Poor fit |
|---|---|
| Patients who couldn't tolerate atomoxetine (GI side effects) | Patients with severe insomnia already |
| Patients who prefer a once-daily morning dose | Patients with uncontrolled hypertension |
| Adults who want the newest formulation with a broader trial data set | Patients with active suicidal ideation |
| Children who need a sprinkleable capsule option | Patients on MAOIs |
Wellbutrin (bupropion) — off-label use
Wellbutrin (bupropion) is not FDA-approved for ADHD. It is an atypical antidepressant — a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) — that is widely prescribed off-label for ADHD, particularly when depression is co-morbid.
Mechanism of action
Bupropion inhibits the reuptake of both norepinephrine and dopamine — making it unique among non-stimulant options in its dual action. In the prefrontal cortex, raising dopamine and norepinephrine improves attention and executive function. Unlike stimulants, bupropion does not directly increase dopamine release and has minimal activity at the nucleus accumbens, so its abuse potential is very low [6].
Typical dosing (Wellbutrin XL formulation for ADHD off-label)
- Starting dose: 150 mg XL once daily.
- Target dose: 300 mg XL once daily. Some prescribers go to 450 mg XL (max FDA-approved dose), though the evidence for additional ADHD benefit above 300 mg is weak.
- Titration schedule: 150 mg XL for 4–7 days, then increase to 300 mg XL.
- Availability: 75 mg, 100 mg IR; 100 mg, 150 mg SR (twice-daily); 150 mg, 300 mg XL (once-daily).
- Note: Immediate-release (IR) and sustained-release (SR) formulations require multiple daily doses. XL (extended-release) is the preferred formulation for ADHD.
Onset timeline
Wellbutrin's effect on ADHD symptoms is slower and less consistent than stimulants or even atomoxetine. Some patients report improvement by week 2, but the evidence suggests that 4–6 weeks on the target dose is needed to assess response. Meta-analyses show bupropion has a smaller effect size for ADHD symptoms compared with atomoxetine or stimulants [7].
Common side effects
- Insomnia — the most common and dose-limiting side effect. Take in the morning; avoid late dosing.
- Dry mouth and constipation — common during first weeks.
- Headache, nausea, dizziness — usually mild and transient.
- Tremor — dose-related.
- Appetite suppression — can be useful when co-morbid with stimulant appetite suppression or when weight loss is desired, but can be problematic for underweight patients.
- Seizure risk — dose-dependent. At the standard XL dose (300 mg/day), the seizure rate (~0.1%) is similar to other antidepressants. At 450 mg+, the rate increases. Contraindicated in patients with seizure disorders or eating disorders (bulimia/anorexia).
Contraindications
- Seizure disorder or history of seizures.
- Eating disorder (bulimia or anorexia nervosa) — elevated seizure risk.
- MAOI use within 14 days.
- Abrupt discontinuation of benzodiazepines, alcohol, or sedatives.
- Head injury or CNS tumour — relative contraindication.
Who is a good candidate?
| Good fit | Poor fit |
|---|---|
| ADHD + co-morbid depression (particularly with anergic symptoms) | History of seizure or head injury |
| ADHD + smoking cessation need (bupropion is also approved for smoking cessation) | Eating disorder (bulimia/anorexia) |
| Obesity or weight concerns (mild weight loss effect) | Severe anxiety (bupropion can worsen anxiety) |
| Patients who cannot tolerate sexual side effects of SSRIs/atomoxetine | Patients with tic disorders (can worsen tics) |
Clonidine ER (Kapvay)
Clonidine ER (Kapvay) is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, similar to guanfacine but less selective. It was FDA-approved for ADHD in children (ages 6–17) in 2010 and is used off-label in adults.
Mechanism of action
Clonidine stimulates alpha-2A, alpha-2B, and alpha-2C adrenergic receptors (less selective than guanfacine, which targets primarily alpha-2A). This reduces sympathetic outflow from the central nervous system — essentially turning down the brain's "fight or flight" response. The result: reduced hyperactivity, improved impulse control, and, for many patients, improved sleep [8].
Typical dosing (FDA paediatric; CADDRA adult guidance)
- Starting dose: 0.1 mg ER twice daily (adults off-label). Children: 0.1 mg ER once daily.
- Target dose: 0.2–0.4 mg/day divided twice daily (adults). Maximum 0.4 mg/day.
- Titration schedule: Increase by 0.1 mg/day every 7 days.
- Availability: 0.1 mg, 0.2 mg ER tablets (must be swallowed whole).
Onset timeline
Clonidine ER's calming and sleep-promoting effects may appear within the first few days, but the full therapeutic effect on ADHD symptoms requires 3–4 weeks at a stable dose.
Common side effects
- Sedation and drowsiness — the most prominent effect. Up to 50% of patients report significant somnolence in the first 2 weeks. Many leverage this by taking the larger dose at bedtime.
- Hypotension and orthostatic dizziness — more pronounced than with guanfacine. Blood pressure monitoring is essential.
- Bradycardia — can be dose-limiting.
- Dry mouth — frequent.
- Constipation — common.
- Rebound hypertension — if clonidine is stopped abruptly. Tapering is required.
Contraindications
- Pre-existing hypotension or bradycardia — use with caution.
- Severe cardiovascular disease — heart block, sick sinus syndrome.
- Concurrent use of other antihypertensives — may cause additive hypotension.
- Renal impairment — clonidine is renally cleared; dose adjustment required.
Who is a good candidate?
| Good fit | Poor fit |
|---|---|
| Hyperactivity-predominant ADHD (sedation is therapeutic) | Low baseline blood pressure or dizziness |
| Severe insomnia — clonidine at bedtime is a potent sleep aid | Active need for daytime cognitive sharpness |
| Co-morbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder (pediatric evidence supports benefit) | Pre-existing heart block or bradycardia |
| Aggression or emotional dysregulation — clonidine has a mood-stabilising effect | Patients who drive or operate heavy machinery (sedation risk) |
| Tic disorders — robust evidence for tic reduction | Renal impairment without dose adjustment |
Comparison table: non-stimulants at a glance
| Drug | Class | FDA-approved for ADHD? | Onset to full effect | Typical adult dose range | Duration of action (per dose) | Abuse potential | Key distinguishing feature |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strattera (atomoxetine) | NRI | Yes (adults + children) | 4–8 weeks | 40–100 mg/day | 24 h | None | Largest evidence base; good for anxiety co-morbidity |
| Intuniv (guanfacine ER) | Alpha-2A agonist | Children only (off-label in adults) | 3–5 weeks | 1–4 mg/day | 24 h | None | Best for hyperactivity + sleep issues |
| Qelbree (viloxazine) | NRI | Yes (adults + children) | 4–6 weeks | 200–600 mg/day | 24 h | None | Newest; potentially fewer GI side effects than Strattera |
| Wellbutrin (bupropion XL) | NDRI | No (off-label) | 4–6 weeks | 150–300 mg/day | 24 h | Very low | Best for co-morbid depression |
| Clonidine ER (Kapvay) | Alpha-2 agonist | Children only (off-label in adults) | 3–4 weeks | 0.2–0.4 mg/day | 12 h (requires twice-daily dosing) | None | Best for sleep + emotional dysregulation |
When to combine non-stimulants with stimulants
A common and effective strategy — particularly in complex ADHD — is combination therapy: a stimulant for daytime symptom coverage and a non-stimulant in the evening (typically guanfacine ER or clonidine ER) to manage sleep, rebound, and emotional regulation.
The evidence for this approach:
- Guanfacine ER + stimulant: Multiple RCTs show improved ADHD symptom control and reduced stimulant-related insomnia compared with stimulant monotherapy [9].
- Clonidine ER + stimulant: The approval trials for clonidine ER were conducted in combination with stimulants. The combination showed additive benefit without significant new safety concerns.
- Atomoxetine + stimulant: Less studied but used clinically. Some clinicians use low-dose atomoxetine for evening coverage alongside a morning stimulant.
Important: Combining medications increases the complexity of the side effect profile, particularly cardiovascular effects. Blood pressure and heart rate monitoring should be more frequent during combination therapy, and dose adjustments should be made in only one medication at a time.
Non-stimulant titration: the 4–8 week challenge
The biggest clinical problem with non-stimulant medications is patient and prescriber patience. The stimulant titration experience — fast feedback, same-day effect, quick side effect resolution — does not prepare anyone for the non-stimulant timeline.
Here's what to expect:
- Weeks 1–2: Side effects (particularly fatigue, nausea, or dizziness) may appear before any benefit. This is normal. Do not stop unless side effects are severe or dangerous. Many patients report that week 1 side effects resolve by week 3.
- Weeks 3–4: Side effects often begin to fade. Subtle improvement in attention, reduced impulsivity, or better emotional regulation may begin to emerge. Not everyone notices at this stage.
- Weeks 5–8: Full therapeutic effect should stabilise. Dose adjustments (up or down) are typically made now, not before week 4.
The single best predictor of a successful non-stimulant trial is whether you keep taking it through the first 4 weeks. Structured logging — tracking side effects, sleep quality, and daily function — can make the difference between a prematurely abandoned trial and a well-informed dose decision.
FAQ
Q: Do non-stimulants work as well as stimulants? For group-level data, no. Stimulants have larger effect sizes in clinical trials (Cohen's d ~0.8–1.2 for stimulants vs. ~0.4–0.7 for non-stimulants) [1]. But "as well" is the wrong metric — the right question is "do they work well enough for this patient?" For the 20–30% of patients who cannot tolerate stimulants, non-stimulants are not a compromise; they're the treatment.
Q: Can you take a non-stimulant and a stimulant together? Yes — this is a standard clinical strategy (see combination therapy section above). Guanfacine ER and clonidine ER are the most-studied in combination. Always coordinate this with your prescriber; never combine medications without medical guidance.
Q: Do non-stimulants show up on drug tests? Atomoxetine, guanfacine, viloxazine, and clonidine will not cause a false positive for amphetamines on standard urine drug screens. Bupropion can cause a false positive for amphetamines on some immunoassay screens — confirmatory testing (GC-MS) will distinguish them.
Q: Which non-stimulant is best for sleep? Clonidine ER has the most potent sleep-promoting effect, followed by guanfacine ER. Atomoxetine and viloxazine are more likely to disrupt sleep in some patients. If sleep is your primary concern, an alpha-2 agonist (clonidine or guanfacine) is the strongest choice.
Q: Can I stop non-stimulants suddenly? Strattera, viloxazine, and bupropion can generally be stopped without tapering (though bupropion withdrawal syndrome is well-documented — headache, irritability, anxiety). Clonidine and guanfacine must be tapered — abrupt discontinuation can cause rebound hypertension and rapid heart rate.
Q: Are non-stimulants safe in pregnancy? Limited data. Atomoxetine, bupropion, and clonidine have pregnancy registries with some safety data; guanfacine and viloxazine have very limited human data. Discuss pregnancy planning with your prescriber well before conception. The reproductive safety data for stimulants is actually stronger (more study years) than for most non-stimulants.
Q: Why don't doctors prescribe non-stimulants first? Clinical ADHD guidelines (NICE, CADDRA, APA) recommend stimulants as first-line pharmacological treatment for ADHD because they have the largest effect sizes and fastest onset. Non-stimulants are recommended as second-line — when stimulants are ineffective, not tolerated, or contraindicated.
Q: What's the success rate of non-stimulants? Response rates vary by drug. Clinical trials of atomoxetine report a 40–50% responder rate (defined as ≥25% reduction in ADHD-RS score), compared with 55–70% for stimulants [3]. This means about half of patients will have a meaningful response to a given non-stimulant — and if one doesn't work, another might.
Key takeaways
- Non-stimulant ADHD medications are not inferior — they're different. They trade the fast, high-peak effect of stimulants for sustained 24/7 coverage, no abuse potential, and a side-effect profile that suits different patients.
- The biggest barrier to successful non-stimulant treatment is the 4–8 week onset delay. Most premature discontinuations happen in weeks 1–2, before the therapeutic window opens. Structured tracking is the best tool for bridging that gap.
- Each non-stimulant has a distinct profile. Atomoxetine is the broadest evidence base for inattentive ADHD. Guanfacine and clonidine are best for hyperactivity, sleep, and emotional dysregulation. Bupropion is best when depression is co-morbid. Viloxazine is the newest option with potentially better GI tolerability.
- Combination therapy (stimulant + non-stimulant) is common and evidence-supported for complex presentations, particularly when sleep or emotional regulation is a concern.
- Dose adjustments are slower and subtler than with stimulants. Give each dose level 3–4 weeks before judging its effectiveness.
Track your non-stimulant titration with Titrate
Non-stimulant titration is a longer, subtler process than stimulant titration — weeks of subtle changes that are easy to misremember in a doctor's appointment. A structured tracker helps you see the signal through the noise: sleep quality, side effect intensity, functional improvement, and mood, logged daily and correlated with dose changes.
The Titrate app is built for exactly this. One-tap daily check-ins, structured side effect logging, and a shareable report that shows your prescriber what happened over the full 4–8 week window — not just what you remember from the morning of your appointment.
→ Start tracking your non-stimulant titration ← → Learn more about what your prescriber sees ←
References
- Cortese S, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5(9):727–738.
- Michelson D, et al. Atomoxetine in adults with ADHD: two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;53(2):112–120.
- Biederman J, et al. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of atomoxetine for the treatment of pediatric and adult ADHD. J Clin Psychiatry. 2022;83(1):21r13896.
- Scahill L, et al. Guanfacine in the treatment of ADHD and tic disorders: a systematic review. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2014;24(5):237–248.
- Nasser A, et al. Once-daily SPN-812 (viloxazine extended-release) for the treatment of ADHD in adults: a randomized, dose-optimization study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2022;83(4):21m14159.
- Wilens TE, et al. Bupropion XL in adults with ADHD: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(7):793–801.
- Faraone SV, et al. Systematic review: non-stimulant treatments for ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2021;25(10):1359–1373.
- Jain R, et al. Clonidine extended-release in the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents: a review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7:541–549.
- Wilens TE, et al. A pilot study of guanfacine ER in combination with a psychostimulant for the treatment of ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2011;15(3):209–217.
This article is for educational purposes only. It does not constitute medical advice. Always consult your licensed healthcare provider about medication decisions.